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Chapter 2 Study Guide
The general theme of Chapter 2 is chemical terminology
and symbolic "shorthand". Many concepts are introduced which
are only fully explained much later in the course (or in 1046).
This material is introduced now because it make it possible
for us to discuss real chemicals in a clear and precise
way. This is the "vocabulary" of chemistry, so to speak, and without
it, one cannot say much.
Suggested Problems
The following problems (in the textbook) are illustrative of the
important concepts covered in this chapter, and are of comparable
difficulty with what you might see on homeworks or exams: Chapter
2, problems 30, 33, 39, 40, 43, 45, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67, 68, 69, 73,
75, 77, 86, 98-103 (very short).
Important Topics and Concepts
- Atomic Theory of Matter (1800's)
- Dalton's version of the theory
- Law of Constant Composition
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Multiple Proportions
- Modern Atomic Theory
- subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
- the nucleus
- Elements and atomic numbers (Z)
- Isotopes and atomic masses (A)
- Element symbols and isotope notation
- Atomic Mass
- Atomic mass units
- natural abundance of isotopes
- isotope masses vs. composition-averaged masses
- Periodic table - know how to get Z and masses from it.
- Compounds
- Molecular compounds
- Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula
- Structural drawings (just recognize them)
- Know how to name binary molecular compounds
- Ionic compounds
- What's an Ion?
- Cations vs. Anions
- Ionic compounds aren't molecular!
- Know how to get monatomic ions from the Periodic Table
(see Figure 2.8, columns IA, 2A, 3A, 5A, 6A, 7A)
- Know the transition metal cations from Figure 2.8
(Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag), also Sn, Pb
- Naming binary ionic compounds - "formula names"
- Ionic formula rule: the total charge on a formula unit
must be zero.
- Polyatomic ions: know the ones in Table 2.4.
- Acids and Bases
- Definitions of acids and bases
- Definition of neutralization
- Relationship between salts and acids and bases
- Naming acids and bases:
- Ionic bases
- binary ionic acids
- polyatomic ionic acids (know the ones in Table 2.5)
- Organic compounds
- Based on Carbon!
- 4-way bonding for Carbon, 2-way for O, 1-way for H.
- Definition of isomers
- Alkanes
- Name linear alkanes up to 10 carbons
- Name cyclic alkanes up to 10 carbons
- Structural drawings and chemical formulas
(C2H6 vs.
CH3CH3)
- General chemical formulas for alkanes
- Alkenes - alkanes with a double bond
- Alkynes - alkanes with a triple bond
- Functional Groups: know how to recognize
- Alcohols
- Amines - organic bases!
- Carboxylic acids
- Esters
- Ethers
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